Table 1 Surface parameters and elemental analysis result of materials

Specific surface area (m² g⁻¹)

21 ± 0.02

56 ± 0.03

62 ± 0.05

78 ± 0.05

Pore volume (cc g^− 1)

0.10 ± 0.02

0.46 ± 0.01

0.51 ± 0.02

0.55 ± 0.02

Pore radius (Å)

174 ± 0.12

165 ± 0.11

163 ± 0.21

154 ± 0.17

Band gap energy (eV)

n.d*

n.d

3.21

3.21

Ca (wt%)

23.5 ± 0.03

20.12 ± 0.02

34.70 ± 0.02

–

O (wt%)

73.8 ± 0.06

67.80 ± 0.05

44.24 ± 0.09

60.47 ± 0.05

P (wt%)

n.d

11.99

20.34 ± 0.01

–

Ti (wt.)

n.d

n.d

4.43 ± 0.06

38.98 ± 0.05

TiO₂ (wt%)

7.40 ± 0.03

99.99 ± 0.01