Table 3 Comparison of top-five VOC species obtained in this study with literature

Chemical

Organic solvent

Ethyl acetate^c

Acetone^c

Methyl isobutyl ketone^c

Toluene^b

Isopropyl alcohol^c

This study

51% (2.3 mg-VOC kg^− 1)

14% (0.64 mg-VOC kg^− 1)

8% (0.35 mg-VOC kg^− 1)

6% (0.25 mg-VOC kg^− 1)

4% (0.16 mg-VOC kg^− 1)

Synthetic resin

Acetone^c

Methylcyclohexane^a

Toluene^b

Methyl ethyl ketone^c

3-Methylpentane^a

This study

56% (0.023 mg-VOC kg⁻¹)

16% (0.0067 mg-VOC kg^− 1)

8% (0.0033 mg-VOC kg^− 1)

3% (0.0011 mg-VOC kg^− 1)

2% (0.0091 mg-VOC kg^− 1)

Acrylic resin

m-Xylene^b

p-Xylene^b

o-Xylene^b

Ethylbenzene^b

Toluene^b

This study

42% (0.087 mg-VOC kg⁻¹)

28% (0.058 mg-VOC kg^− 1)

16% (0.033 mg-VOC kg^− 1)

10% (0.020 mg-VOC kg^− 1)

1% (0.0026 mg-VOC kg^− 1)

Polyester resin

Ethyl acetate^c

Toluene^b

o-Ethyltoluene^b

p-Ethyltoluene^b

m-Ethyltoluene^b

This study

80% (0.026 mg-VOC kg⁻¹)

16% (0.0053 mg-VOC kg^− 1)

1% (0.00027 mg-VOC kg^− 1)

1% (0.00027 mg-VOC kg^− 1)

1% (0.00024 mg-VOC kg^− 1)

Plastic

Plastic tape

Toluene^b

Ethyl acetate^c

m-Xylene^b

p-Xylene^b

Ethylbenzene^b

This study

44% (11 mg-VOC kg⁻¹)

16% (4.0 mg-VOC kg^− 1)

10% (2.5 mg-VOC kg^− 1)

10% (2.5 mg-VOC kg^− 1)

5% (1.3 mg-VOC kg^− 1)

Metal

Integrated iron and steel

Benzene^b

Toluene^b

Methyl ethyl ketone^c

1,3-Butadiene⁺

Ethyl acetate^c

This study

41% (0.024 mg-VOC kg⁻¹)

38% (0.023 mg-VOC kg^− 1)

7% (0.0043 mg-VOC kg^− 1)

2% (0.0012 mg-VOC kg^− 1)

2% (0.0011 mg-VOC kg^− 1)

Aluminum foundry

Toluene^b

Ethyl acetate^c

n-Nonane^a

n-Octane^a

2,3,4-Trimethylpentane^a

This study

40% (0.012 mg-VOC kg⁻¹)

10% (0.0029 mg-VOC kg^− 1)

7% (0.0021 mg-VOC kg^− 1)

4% (0.0013 mg-VOC kg^− 1)

4% (0.0013 mg-VOC kg^− 1)

Steel foundry

Toluene^b

Acetone^c

n-Butane^a

Methyl ethyl ketone^c

Ethanol^c

This study

12% (0.00031 mg-VOC kg⁻¹)

11% (0.00029 mg-VOC kg^− 1)

8% (0.00023 mg-VOC kg^− 1)

5% (0.00015 mg-VOC kg^− 1)

5% (0.00014 mg-VOC kg^− 1)

Metal products and machinery

1-Butene⁺

Ethanol^c

cis-2-Butene⁺

n-Butane^a

Acrolein^c

This study

40% (4.2 mg-VOC kg⁻¹)

29% (2.9 mg-VOC kg^− 1)

18% (1.9 mg-VOC kg^− 1)

6% (0.65 mg-VOC kg^− 1)

5% (0.56 mg-VOC kg^− 1)

Non-ferrous metal

Ethyl acetate^c

Acetone^c

Toluene^b

Methyl ethyl ketone^c

n-Undecane^a

This study

38% (0.0041 mg-VOC kg⁻¹)

14% (0.0015 mg-VOC kg^− 1)

14% (0.0015 mg-VOC kg^− 1)

7% (0.00078 mg-VOC kg^− 1)

3% (0.00027 mg-VOC kg^− 1)

Leather

PU leather

Methyl ethyl ketone^c

Toluene^b

Methyl methacrylate^c

Ethyl acetate^c

Acetone^c

This study

60% (0.40 mg-VOC kg⁻¹)

24% (0.16 mg-VOC kg^− 1)

13% (0.085 mg-VOC kg^− 1)

2% (0.011 mg-VOC kg^− 1)

1% (0.0018 mg-VOC kg^− 1)

Printing

Plastic coating

Toluene^b

Acetone^c

Methyl ethyl ketone^c

Ethyl acetate^c

2-Methylhexane^a

This study

64% (0.0099 mg-VOC kg⁻¹)

25% (0.0039 mg-VOC kg^− 1)

8% (0.0012 mg-VOC kg^− 1)

1% (0.00013 mg-VOC kg^− 1)

1% (0.000038 mg-VOC kg^− 1)

Stencil printing

Toluene^b

1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene^b

m-Ethyltoluene^b

1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene^b

1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene^b

This study

35% (149 mg-VOC kg⁻¹)

20% (85 mg-VOC kg^− 1)

10% (42 mg-VOC kg^− 1)

7% (31 mg-VOC kg^− 1)

6% (26 mg-VOC kg^− 1)

Printing

Gravure printing

Ethyl acetate

Isopropyl alcohol

Methylene chloride

n-Propyl acetate

Toluene

[28]

64%

14%

7%

4%

4%

Letterpress printing

Benzene

Toluene

Ethyl-benzene

1,2-Dichloropropane

Acetic acid, methyl ester

15%

13%

5%

5%

4%

Coating

Wood furniture

Styrene

Ethyl acetate

Acetic acid, butyl ester

Toluene

m/p-Xylene

[28]

20%

16%

10%

7%

6%

Metal surface

Styrene

Methyl isobutyl ketone

Toluene

1,2-Dichloroethane

Ethyl acetate

[28]

23%

8%

8%

5%

5%

Paint manufacturing

–

Ethyl acetate

Acetic acid, butyl ester

Ethyl-benzene

Toluene

m/p-Xylene

[28]

11%

9%

7%

5%

5%

Shoemaking

–

2-Butanone

Acetone

Ethyl acetate

Toluene

Cyclohexane

[28]

29%

19%

19%

7%

5%

Integrated iron and steel industry^d

Coke making

Toluene

1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene

m/p-Xylene

Ethylbenzene

Trichloroethylene

[36]

16 ± 10

5.5 ± 1.5

3.4 ± 1.8

2.6 ± 1.3

2.6 ± 1.1

Sintering

Toluene

Benzene

Isopentane

m/p-Xylene

1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene

[36]

63 ± 73

13 ± 14

13 ± 8.8

13 ± 11

9.8 ± 9.1

Hot forming

Carbon tetrachloride

Toluene

1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene

m/p-Xylene

Ethylbenzene

[36]

7.5 ± 11

1.7 ± 0.31

1.1 ± 0.24

1.1 ± 0.18

0.74 ± 0.14

Cold forming

Toluene

o-Xylene

Benzene

m/p-Xylene

Isopentane

[36]

15 ± 2.4

4.7 ± 0.45

3.8 ± 0.32

3.8 ± 0.36

3.4 ± 2.4

Solvent use

Architectural paints

Toluene

m/p-xylene

Ethylbenzene

o-Xylene

Benzene

[29]

20%

14%

9%

8%

8%

Printing factory

n-Decane

n-Nonane

n-Undecane

n-Octane

m/p-Xylene

[29]

17%

15%

13%

7%

6%

Printing shop

i-Pentane

n-Hexane

Toluene

m/p-xylene

Ethane

[29]

12%

9%

8%

6%

5%

PU factories

Coating

Dimethyl formamide

Toluene

Methyl ethyl ketone

–

–

[51]

2500 ± 1460 ppm

1320 ± 210 ppm

570 ± 320 ppm

–

–

Adhering

Dimethyl formamide

Methyl ethyl ketone

Toluene

–

–

[51]

600 ± 100 ppm

250 ± 50 ppm

150 ± 30 ppm

–

–