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Table 5 Comparison of reactor configuration, operating conditions, influent compositions and denitrification efficiency between the USB reactor and other studies

From: Effect of carbon-to-nitrogen ratio on high-rate nitrate removal in an upflow sludge blanket reactor for polluted raw water pre-treatment application

Reactor configuration

HRT (h)

Carbon source

Influent NO3-N (mg L− 1)

Influent C/N (g C g− 1 N)

NO3-N loading rate (mg L− 1 d− 1)

NO3-N removal efficiency (%)

Reference

USB

3

Sodium acetate

40

2–3

320

99 ± 1

This study

Batch denitrification experiment

12

Acetic acid

50

1.9

100

97–99

[30]

Batch denitrification experiment

24

Sodium acetate

5

3–5

5

>  99

[5]

Batch biofilm reactor

24

Sodium acetate with rice straw/rice husk

4

1.1

4

82

[31]

Upflow packed bed column

9

Acetic acid

100

1.5

267

>  99

[16]

USB

3

Raw sewage

32.9 ± 11.0

1.4

360 ± 90

35

[11]