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Table 5 Summary of studies related to Hg removal by bacteria

From: Resistance of bacteria isolated from leachate to heavy metals and the removal of Hg by Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain FZ-2 at different salinity levels in a batch biosorption system

No.

Bacteria

Source

Heavy metal

Summary

References

1.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain FZ-2

Leachate

Hg2+

This research conducted heavy metal resistance bacteria and removal of Hg in difference salinity levels. The result showed that P. aeruginosa strain FZ-2 has high resistance to Fe, Mn, Cu, Cd, Pb, Mg, and Zn and is inhibited by Hg with 10 mg L− 1 concentration. Besides that, P. aeruginosa strain FZ-2 can remove Hg in 0, 10, 20, and 30‰ of salinity with removal efficiencies are 54, >  99, 94, and 89%, respectively. It was indicated that salinity exerts a significant positive effect on P. aeruginosa FZ-2 in removing Hg.

Current research

2.

Pseudomonas sp. B50A

Hg-contaminated soil from a land farming area

Hg2+

This research discussed Hg-resistant bacteria, the removal of Hg, and the characterization of Hg reductase by the new strain of Pseudomonas sp. B50A. The result showed that Pseudomonas sp. B50A can remove Hg2+ up to 82 ± 2% with 10 μM of initial Hg concentration after 24 h at 30 ± 2 °C. In addition, Pseudomonas sp. B50A can produce Hg reductase, which plays a role in removing Hg.

[44]

3.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa KHY2

Water around a gold mining area

Hg2+

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of co-enzyme addition on Hg bioremediation. The result showed that P. aeruginosa KHY2 can decrease Hg2+ by more than 60% with the addition of co-enzyme (128 ppm of vitamin B12). The initial Hg concentration was 12 ppm.

[20]

4.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa CH07

Marine sediments

Hg

This research was conducted in fixed-bed continuous up-flow reactors by using Hg-resistant bacteria. The effect of salinity on performance was also investigated. The result showed that P. aeruginosa CH07 isolated from marine sediments can remove up to 95% Hg with 8 mg L− 1 of Hg and 8 g L− 1 of NaCl. The removal rate of P. aeruginosa CH07 for 1 mg L− 1 of Hg was 1.16 × 10− 6 ng cell− 1 min− 1.

[21]

5.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Soil sample from an industrial area

Hg2+

This study was conducted to determine the optimum condition for Hg removal by P. aeruginosa. The result showed that the optimum pH and temperature conditions for P. aeruginosa were 6 and 28 °C, respectively, with 62% of removal efficiency. Moreover, Hg reductase was detected during incubation time.

[45]

6.

Pseudomonas spp

Contaminated sediments from a lagoon

Hg2+

The objective of this research was to isolate Hg-resistant bacteria from the sediments of a lagoon and determine their capability to remove and transform Hg. The result showed that Pseudomonas spp. is resistant to Hg with a concentration of 0.075 mM. Pseudomonas spp. can convert volatile Hg2+ into Hg0, and the removal of Hg2+ can reach up to 99% with an initial concentration of 10 mg mL− 1.

[46]