Adsorbent | Metal Molar ratios (starting salt) | A− | Calcination temperature, °C | Removed dye | Equilibrium time, h | Removal capacitya, mg g− 1 | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LDH | Ni/Mg/Al/urea 1:1:1:6 (sulfate/nitrates/urea) | SO42−/NO3− | 180b | Congo Red | 2.5 | 286.5 | [10] |
CLDH | Ni/Mg/Al/urea 1:1:1:6 (sulfate/nitrates/urea) | – | 600 | Congo Red | 2.5 | 1247 | [10] |
LDH | Co/Fe 2:1,3:1,4:1 (nitrates) | NO3− | 65b | Methyl Orange | 2 | 76.5–135 | [11] |
LDH | Mg/Al 2:1 (nitrates) | CO32− | 100b | Acid Red 27 | 9 | 74.4 | [12] |
LDH | Mg/Al-HEAA 1–3 (nitrates) | C2H3O2− | 100b | Direct Red 23 | 9 | 420 | [12] |
LDH | Mg/Al 2:1 (nitrates) | CO32− | 80b | Reactive Red Congo Red Acid Red 1 | 1 | 95.0 37.2 127 | [13] |
LDH | Zn/Y-DS 6:1 (chlorides) | C2H3O2− | – | Congo Red | 0.75 | 96.0 | [14] |
LDH | Mg/Al 2:1 (nitrates) | CO32− | 200b | Methyl Orange | – | 120 | [15] |
CLDH | Mg/Fe 2:1 (−) | – | 500 | Methyl Orange | 0.5 | 160 | [16] |
LDH | Au/Pd/Ni/Fe 1:1:3:1| (nitrates) | CO32− | 105 | Orange II | 1 | 64.0 | [17] |
CLDH10 | Mg/Zn/Al 3.67:0.26: 1 (chlorides) | – | 450 | Isolan Dark Blue 2SGL-01 | 6 | 48.7 | [18] |
LDH20 | Mg/Zn/Al 2.67:0.54:1 (chlorides) | CO32−/Cl− | 80b | Isolan Dark Blue 2SGL-01 | 6 | 11.0 | [18] |
LDH | Ni/Fe 3:1 (nitrates-sulfate) | NO3−/SO42− | 180b | Congo red | 4 | 29.4 | [27] |
CLDH | Ni/Fe 3:1 (nitrates-sulfate) | – | 400 | Congo red | 4 | 47.4 | [27] |
ZnO–clay alginate beads | ZnO:C6H9NaO7 1.3:1 | – | 40 b | Congo red | 2 | 78.5 | [28] |
Lemon citrus peel active carbon | Lemon citrus peels: H3PO4 | – | 500 | Rhodamine B Erythrosine B | – | 53.0 33.6 | [29] |
CLDH22 | Mg/Zn/Al/Fe 2.30:0.56:0.74:0.26 (chlorides) | – | 530 | Isolan Dark Blue 2SGL-01 | 3 | 530 | Present work |