Sludge source | Composition | Pyrolysis conditions/carrier gas | Pyrolysis temperature (°C) | Catalyst/microwave absorbers | Pyrolysis carbon yield (wt%) | Pyrolysis oil yield (wt%) | Pyrolysis gas yield (wt%) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Oily sludge in the crude oil storage tank of a petroleum refinery plant | Moisture: 28.67 wt%; Sludge combustibles: 68.85 wt%; Ash: 2.48 wt%; Oil: 45.21 wt%; | N2; | 890b | The granular-activated carbon: 0–10–15%d | 32.3–8.3–14.9d | 56.3–77.5–68.6d | 11.4–Not reported–16.5d | [15] |
Waste automotive engine oil in an MG-ZT diesel car | Containing the harmful substances such as soot and PAHs, as well as additive impurities such as chlorinated paraffins and polychlorinated biphenyls. | N2; | 400 | Particulate carbon | 67 | 8 | 25 | [16] |
450 | 46 | 28 | 26 | |||||
500 | 16 | 58 | 26 | |||||
550c | 5 | 69b | 26 | |||||
600 | 7 | 65 | 28 | |||||
650 | 9 | 55 | 36 | |||||
700 | 8 | 34 | 56 | |||||
Oily sludge in Shengli Oil Field | Moisturea: 5.88 wt%; TPHag: 95300 mg kg−1; Ca: 10.54 wt%; Na: 0.14 wt%; Ha:1.58 wt%; Sa: 0.20 wt%; | Multimode-microwave oven; N2; | 300 | Not reported | 99.5e 91.6f | [19] | ||
Waste shipping oil in the diesel engine of fishing boats | Containing metal particles, soot and other scum, and high concentrations of potentially hazardous compounds (such as PAHs, metals and soot) | 1 kW microwave oven; N2; | 400 | 20 wt% Activated carbon | 59 | 20 | 21 | [26] |
500 | 11 | 60 | 30 | |||||
600 | 10 | 66 | 24 | |||||
Oily sewage generated during crude oil extraction on the Bohai Sea oil production platform, China. | Moisture: 31.03 wt%; Volatile: 65.86 wt%;Ash: 1.67 wt%; | Monomodal microwave oven; N2; | 500 | Not reported | 4.7 | 85.9 | 9.3 | [37] |
Soil contaminated with heavy furnace oil (HFO Grade IV) | Moisture: 4.9 wt%;TPHg: 40–110 g kg−1; pH: 6.83; | Domestic microwave oven; He; | Not reported | 2.5 wt% Spent graphite | 41.3e | [38] | ||
87.8e | ||||||||
91.2e |