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Table 2 The product yield of sludge impurities with different oil content under different microwave pyrolysis conditions

From: Microwave pyrolysis of sludge: a review

Sludge source

Composition

Pyrolysis conditions/carrier gas

Pyrolysis temperature (°C)

Catalyst/microwave absorbers

Pyrolysis carbon yield (wt%)

Pyrolysis oil yield (wt%)

Pyrolysis gas yield (wt%)

Ref.

Oily sludge in the crude oil storage tank of a petroleum refinery plant

Moisture: 28.67 wt%; Sludge

combustibles: 68.85 wt%; Ash: 2.48 wt%; Oil: 45.21 wt%;

N2;

890b

The granular-activated carbon: 0–10–15%d

32.3–8.3–14.9d

56.3–77.5–68.6d

11.4–Not reported–16.5d

[15]

Waste automotive engine oil in an MG-ZT diesel car

Containing the harmful substances such as soot and PAHs, as well as additive impurities such as chlorinated paraffins and polychlorinated biphenyls.

N2;

400

Particulate carbon

67

8

25

[16]

450

46

28

26

500

16

58

26

550c

5

69b

26

600

7

65

28

650

9

55

36

700

8

34

56

Oily sludge in Shengli Oil Field

Moisturea: 5.88 wt%; TPHag: 95300 mg kg−1; Ca: 10.54 wt%; Na: 0.14 wt%; Ha:1.58 wt%; Sa: 0.20 wt%;

Multimode-microwave oven; N2;

300

Not reported

99.5e

91.6f

[19]

Waste shipping oil in the diesel engine of fishing boats

Containing metal particles, soot and other scum, and high concentrations of potentially hazardous compounds (such as PAHs, metals and soot)

1 kW microwave oven; N2;

400

20 wt% Activated carbon

59

20

21

[26]

500

11

60

30

600

10

66

24

Oily sewage generated during crude oil extraction on the Bohai Sea oil production platform, China.

Moisture: 31.03 wt%; Volatile: 65.86 wt%;Ash: 1.67 wt%;

Monomodal microwave oven; N2;

500

Not reported

4.7

85.9

9.3

[37]

Soil contaminated with heavy furnace oil (HFO Grade IV)

Moisture: 4.9 wt%;TPHg: 40–110 g kg−1; pH: 6.83;

Domestic microwave oven; He;

Not reported

2.5 wt% Spent graphite

41.3e

[38]

87.8e

91.2e

  1. aDry base
  2. bMaximum quantity
  3. cOptimal amount
  4. dProcess temperature value or addition amount. Indicating the temperature range of the pyrolysis process or the added amount, and corresponds to the range of the pyrolysis product yield
  5. eOil removal efficiency
  6. fOil recovery efficiency
  7. gTotal Petroleum Hydrocarbon