Optimization and kinetics studies of biodiesel synthesis from Jatropha curcas oil under the application of eco-friendly microwave heating technique: an environmentally benign and sustainable bio-waste management approach

Table 4 Activation energy (E_a) on transesterification reaction of biodiesel production from different studies

Feedstock	Heating method	Catalyst	Catalyst phase	Activation energy (kJ mol⁻¹)	Refs
WCO	Microwave	Conventional	––	9.7	[35]
WCO	Microwave	Heterogeneous	Calcium diglyceroxide (CaDG)	26.56	[36]
Sunflower oil	Rotating miniature autoclave reactor system	Heterogeneous	CaO/zeolite-based catalyst prepared from waste chicken eggshell coal fly ash	67.17; 58.03	[19]
Hydnocarpus wightiana oil	Conventional	Heterogeneous	CaO nano catalyst prepared from waste snail shells	67.21; 73.15	[20]
WCO	Conventional	Heterogeneous	Biochar/CaO/K₂CO₃ catalyst	45.53	[21]
Jatropha curcas oil	Microwave	Heterogeneous	CaO catalyst prepared from eggshells	38.5	This work

ISSN: 2468-2039