Table 5 Comparative study of biodiesel production from Jatropha oil with other reported basic heterogeneous catalysts
Sl. No | Feedstock | Catalyst | Methanol: Oil ratio | Catalyst amount (wt%) | Reaction time (min) | Reaction temperature (ºC) | Yield (%) | Reusability | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Jatropha oil | CaSO4/Fe2O3-SiO2 core–shell | 9:1 | 12 | 4 h | 120 | 94 | 9 cycles | [8] |
2 | Jatropha oil | SO4/TiO2 and TiO2/CaO | 1:15 | 3 | 90 | 65 | 79 | N/A | [40] |
3 | Jatropha oil | Eggshell (CaO) | 1:8 | 2 | 2.5Â h | 65 | 90 | 6 cycles | [39] |
4 | Jatropha oil | Heterogeneous catalyst from Heteropanax fragrans (Kesseru) | 12:1 | 7 | 65 | 65 | 98 | 3 cycles | [7] |
5 | Jatropha oil | Heterogeneous KNO3/Al2O3 | 12:1 | 6 | 70 | 360 | 87 | 5 cycles | [38] |
6 | Jatropha oil | Eggshell | 9:1 | 5 | 165 | 65 | 91 | 5 cycles | This study |