Table 3 The impacts of rapid socioeconomic development on surface water quality
From: Major concerns of surface water quality in south-west coastal regions of Vietnamese Mekong Delta
Factor | Characteristics* | Impacts |
|---|---|---|
Domestic activities | - Total wastewater volume: 160,060 m3 d−1 (urban: 83,140 m3 d−1 and rural: 76,920 m3 d−1) Percentage of households with septic tanks: 75% - Total solid waste: 1,508 t d−1 (urban: 675 t d−1 and rural: 833 t d−1) | Reduce dissolved oxygen, organic pollution, phosphate, chloride |
Agricultural, forestry and fishery activities | - Total estimated residues of fertilizers and chemicals: 1,970 kg d−1 - Wastewater: 7,530 m3 d−1; waste: 814 t d−1 - The percentage of livestock households with hygienic barns is very low, only 15% | Eutrophication, causing odor and degradation of ecosystems in rivers and canals |
Industrial activities | - Total industrial solid waste: 175 t d−1 - Wastewater: 8,190 m3 d−1 - Industrial parks do not have centralized wastewater treatment systems | Eutrophication, highly toxic pollution, difficult to decompose |
Tourism and travel-related services | - Wastewater flows from the service area: 10,380 m3 d−1 - Amount of waste generated: 617 t d−1 | Contamination of organic matter and surfactants |