Table 4 Comparison of adsorption capacities of various materials towards fluoride in aqueous solution

Al impregnated activated carbon

0.90

pH 7, 25 °C

[16]

γ-Al₂O₃

3.04

pH 6, 25 °C

[7, 39]

Mixed rare earths modified chitosan

3.72

30 °C

[42]

Nano-hydroxyapatite-stilbite composite

4.02

23 °C

[43]

Commercial BC

4.07

pH 7, 25 °C

This work

Ce(III) impregnated activated carbon

4.1—4.6

pH 6, 25 °C

[38]

Graphene Oxide-Alumina Nanocomposite

4.68

pH 6, 25 °C

[39]

Hydroxiapatite nanoparticle

7.0

pH 3, 25 °C

[40]

Al-doped BC

6.8

pH 7.4, 25 °C

[23]

BC treated with 1.0 M HNO₃ solution

7.74

pH 5, 25 °C

[22]

Al₂O₃ nanoparticles

9.16

pH 5.4, 25 °C

[41]

Cellulose impregnated with Lanthanum

9.7

pH 4—6, 25 °C

[13]

Ce(IV)-doped BC

13.6

pH 7, 30 °C

[24]

Ion exchange resin Amberlite IRA-410

13.8

pH 7, 25 °C

[16]

BC modified with iron sulfate, BCM2

14.4

pH 5, 25 °C

This work