Table 11 Use of FM for forming SRS

Ghadr et al. [87]

Sea sand; Ottawa sand

Shredded FM

0–0.5%

CU triaxial compression; SEM

Increases undrained shear strength; produces dilative and strain-hardening behaviors

Reinforcement

The optimum FM contents were 0.3% and 0.5% for Ottawa sand and sea sand, respectively

Rehman and Khalid [104]

Fat clay

Shredded FM; silica fume

0–1.2% (FM); 0–16% (silica fume)

Compaction; UCS; 1D consolidation; CBR

Increases OMC, UCS (from 0–0.9% of FM), and CBR and decreases MDD

Reinforcement (FM); cementation of hydration products (silica fume)

The optimum FM contents was 0.9% for the considered silica fume content till 12%

Xu et al. [103]

Residual soil

FM chip

0–5%

CD triaxial compression; laser scanning microscopic (LSM); SEM

Increases peak shear strength (0.3–1% of FM) and elastic modulus (under limited amounts of FM)

Reinforcement

The optimum FM content was 0.5%

Zhang et al. [102]

Granular soil

FM chip

0–15%

Monotonic and cyclic triaxial

Increases shear strength, internal friction angle, energy absorption capacity, and settlement and decreases the stiffness, shear dilatancy, delayed peak state, and resilience modulus

Reinforcement

The level of improvement increases with an increase in additive content

Samadzadeh et al. [105]

Silty sand

Shredded FM

0–1%

Undrained cyclic triaxial shear

Dilative behavior; increases dissipation of excess pore water pressure, liquefaction resistance, shear modulus

Reinforcement

The level of improvement increases with an increase in additive content; the effectiveness of FM reinforcement diminished with increasing the median grain size (D₅₀) of soil