Table 2 Use of FA for forming SRS
Reference | Soil | Treatment | Treatment content | Tests | Effects of treatment | Primary mechanism | Remarksa |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sezer et al. [27] | Soft clay subgrade | High-lime FA (Class C) | 0–20% | Compaction; UCS; direct shear | Increases optimum moisture content (OMC), UCS, cohesion, and friction angle and decreases maximum dry density (MDD) | Cementation of hydration products and pore filling | The level of improvement (increases OMC, UCS, cohesion, and friction angle, and decreases MDD) increases with an increase in FA content |
Karami et al. [29] | Expansive clay soil | Class F FA; Secondary additives (CSA cement; enzyme; polymers) | 7.5 and 15% (FA); 3% (CSA cement); dilution mass ratio of 1:500 and application mass ratios of 3% (enzyme); 3% (polymer) | CBR; compaction; SEM; XRD; TGA; FT-IR | Secondary additives can be effectively used to improve the efficiency of FA based soil stabilization | Cementation of hydration products and density enhancement | Adding lime and enzyme to FA-treated soil produced the best performance (highest CBR) |
Tastan et al. [44] | Organic soil | Classes C and F FA | 10–30% | UCS; resilient modulus | Increase UCS and resilient modulus | Cementation of hydration products | The highest UCS and resilient modulus were obtained when the CaO content of FA was greater than 10% and CaO/SiO2 ratio of FA was 0.5–0.8 |