Table 5 Geotechnical properties of C&D waste [62]

D₁₀ (mm)

0.24

0.18

0.075

0.24

0.16

-

D₃₀ (mm)

1.3

1.7

1.5

1.9

0.45

-

D₅₀ (mm)

5.0

5.6

3.9

4.5

0.85

-

D₆₀ (mm)

7.5

8.0

5.6

5.9

1.2

-

C_u

31.2

44.4

74.7

25.6

7.5

-

C_c

0.9

2.0

5.4

2.5

1.5

-

Gravel content (%)

50.7

53.6

44.7

48.0

0.0

-

Sand content (%)

45.7

39.8

45.1

46.0

94.6

-

Fines content (%)

3.6

6.6

10.2

6.0

5.4

 < 10

^aUSCS classification

GW

GW

SW

GW

SW

-

Particle density–coarse fraction (kN m⁻³)

27.1

26.2

28.1

23.5

24.4

 > 19.62

Particle density–fine fraction (kN m⁻³)

26.0

25.8

28.0

23.4

24.3

 > 19.62

Water absorption–coarse fraction (%)

4.7

6.2

3.3

2.2

1.0

 < 10

Water absorption–fine fraction (%)

9.8

6.9

4.7

2.4

1.8

 < 10

MDD (kN m⁻³)–modified compaction

19.13

19.73

21.71

19.98

17.40

 > 17.5

OMC (%)–modified compaction

11.0

11.25

9.25

8.0

10.5

8–15

Organic content (%)

2.3

2.5

1.0

5.1

1.3

 < 5

pH

11.5

9.1

10.9

7.6

9.9

7–12

Hydraulic conductivity (m s⁻¹)

3.3 × 10^–8

4.5 × 10^–9

2.7 × 10^–7

3.5 × 10^–7

1.7 × 10^–5

 > 1 × 10^–9

Flakiness index

11

14

19

23

-

 < 35

Los Angeles abrasion loss (%)

28

36

21

42

25

 < 40

California Bearing Ratio (%)

118–160

123–138

121–204

30–35

42–46

 > 80

Triaxial test: apparent cohesion (kPa)

44

41

46

53

0

 > 35

Triaxial test: friction angle (degree)

49

48

51

37

37

 > 35

Resilient modulus: targeting 90% OMC

239–357

301–319

121–218

-

-

125–300

Resilient modulus: targeting 80% OMC

487–729

303–361

202–274

-

-

150–300

Resilient modulus: targeting 70% OMC

575–769

280–519

127–233

-

-

175–400