Table 4 Water consumption comparison according to literature

Hydroponics

Consumes less than 25%water compared to soil-based cultivation and doubles production

Uses recycled water, can be used in arid regions, produces fish and plants

[37, 38]

Deep Water Culture

Consumes 50% less water than drip irrigation systems used in greenhouses and open fields

Water-efficient

[41]

Nutrient Film Technique (NFT)

Uses 20–50% less water of conventional cultivation

Water-efficient, can be used in a variety of climates

[40]